Paradise Lost : Book XI

Thus they, in lowliest plight, repentant stood

Praying; for from the mercy-seat above

Prevenient grace descending had removed

The stony from their hearts, and made new flesh

Regenerate grow instead; that sighs now breathed

Unutterable; which the Spirit of prayer

Inspired, and winged for Heaven with speedier flight

Than loudest oratory:  Yet their port

Not of mean suitors; nor important less

Seemed their petition, than when the ancient pair

In fables old, less ancient yet than these,

Deucalion and chaste Pyrrha, to restore

The race of mankind drowned, before the shrine

Of Themis stood devout.  To Heaven their prayers

Flew up, nor missed the way, by envious winds

Blown vagabond or frustrate: in they passed

Dimensionless through heavenly doors; then clad

With incense, where the golden altar fumed,

By their great intercessour, came in sight

Before the Father's throne: them the glad Son

Presenting, thus to intercede began.

See$ Father, what first-fruits on earth are sprung

From thy implanted grace in Man; these sighs

And prayers, which in this golden censer mixed

With incense, I thy priest before thee bring;

Fruits of more pleasing savour, from thy seed

Sown with contrition in his heart, than those

Which, his own hand manuring, all the trees

Of Paradise could have produced, ere fallen

From innocence.  Now therefore, bend thine ear

To supplication; hear his sighs, though mute;

Unskilful with what words to pray, let me

Interpret for him; me, his advocate

And propitiation; all his works on me,

Good, or not good, ingraft; my merit those

Shall perfect, and for these my death shall pay.

Accept me; and, in me, from these receive

The smell of peace toward mankind: let him live

Before thee reconciled, at least his days

Numbered, though sad; till death, his doom, (which I

To mitigate thus plead, not to reverse,)

To better life shall yield him: where with me

All my redeemed may dwell in joy and bliss;

Made one with me, as I with thee am one.

To whom the Father, without cloud, serene.

All thy request for Man, accepted Son,

Obtain; all thy request was my decree:

But, longer in that Paradise to dwell,

The law I gave to Nature him forbids:

Those pure immortal elements, that know,

No gross, no unharmonious mixture foul,

Eject him, tainted now; and purge him off,

As a distemper, gross, to air as gross,

And mortal food; as may dispose him best

For dissolution wrought by sin, that first

Distempered all things, and of incorrupt

Corrupted.  I, at first, with two fair gifts

Created him endowed; with happiness,

And immortality: that fondly lost,

This other served but to eternize woe;

Till I provided death: so death becomes

His final remedy; and, after life,

Tried in sharp tribulation, and refined

By faith and faithful works, to second life,

Waked in the renovation of the just,

Resigns him up with Heaven and Earth renewed.

But let us call to synod all the Blest,

Through Heaven's wide bounds: from them I will not hide

My judgements; how with mankind I proceed,

As how with peccant Angels late they saw,

And in their state, though firm, stood more confirmed.

He ended, and the Son gave signal high

To the bright minister that watched; he blew

His trumpet, heard in Oreb since perhaps

When God descended, and perhaps once more

To sound at general doom.  The angelick blast

Filled all the regions: from their blisful bowers

Of amarantine shade, fountain or spring,

By the waters of life, where'er they sat

In fellowships of joy, the sons of light

Hasted, resorting to the summons high;

And took their seats; till from his throne supreme

The Almighty thus pronounced his sovran will.

O Sons, like one of us Man is become

To know both good and evil, since his taste

Of that defended fruit; but let him boast

His knowledge of good lost, and evil got;

Happier! had it sufficed him to have known

Good by itself, and evil not at all.

He sorrows now, repents, and prays contrite,

My motions in him; longer than they move,

His heart I know, how variable and vain,

Self-left.  Lest therefore his now bolder hand

Reach also of the tree of life, and eat,

And live for ever, dream at least to live

For ever, to remove him I decree,

And send him from the garden forth to till

The ground whence he was taken, fitter soil.

Michael, this my behest have thou in charge;

Take to thee from among the Cherubim

Thy choice of flaming warriours, lest the Fiend,

Or in behalf of Man, or to invade

Vacant possession, some new trouble raise:

Haste thee, and from the Paradise of God

Without remorse drive out the sinful pair;

From hallowed ground the unholy; and denounce

To them, and to their progeny, from thence

Perpetual banishment.  Yet, lest they faint

At the sad sentence rigorously urged,

(For I behold them softened, and with tears

Bewailing their excess,) all terrour hide.

If patiently thy bidding they obey,

Dismiss them not disconsolate; reveal

To Adam what shall come in future days,

As I shall thee enlighten; intermix

My covenant in the Woman's seed renewed;

So send them forth, though sorrowing, yet in peace:

And on the east side of the garden place,

Where entrance up from Eden easiest climbs,

Cherubick watch; and of a sword the flame

Wide-waving; all approach far off to fright,

And guard all passage to the tree of life:

Lest Paradise a receptacle prove

To Spirits foul, and all my trees their prey;

With whose stolen fruit Man once more to delude.

He ceased; and the arch-angelick Power prepared

For swift descent; with him the cohort bright

Of watchful Cherubim: four faces each

Had, like a double Janus; all their shape

Spangled with eyes more numerous than those

Of Argus, and more wakeful than to drouse,

Charmed with Arcadian pipe, the pastoral reed

Of Hermes, or his opiate rod.  Mean while,

To re-salute the world with sacred light,

Leucothea waked; and with fresh dews imbalmed

The earth; when Adam and first matron Eve

Had ended now their orisons, and found

Strength added from above; new hope to spring

Out of despair; joy, but with fear yet linked;

Which thus to Eve his welcome words renewed.

Eve, easily my faith admit, that all

The good which we enjoy from Heaven descends;

But, that from us aught should ascend to Heaven

So prevalent as to concern the mind

Of God high-blest, or to incline his will,

Hard to belief may seem; yet this will prayer

Or one short sigh of human breath, upborne

Even to the seat of God.  For since I sought

By prayer the offended Deity to appease;

Kneeled, and before him humbled all my heart;

Methought I saw him placable and mild,

Bending his ear; persuasion in me grew

That I was heard with favour; peace returned

Home to my breast, and to my memory

His promise, that thy seed shall bruise our foe;

Which, then not minded in dismay, yet now

Assures me that the bitterness of death

Is past, and we shall live.  Whence hail to thee,

Eve rightly called, mother of all mankind,

Mother of all things living, since by thee

Man is to live; and all things live for Man.

To whom thus Eve with sad demeanour meek.

Ill-worthy I such title should belong

To me transgressour; who, for thee ordained

A help, became thy snare; to me reproach

Rather belongs, distrust, and all dispraise:

But infinite in pardon was my Judge,

That I, who first brought death on all, am graced

The source of life; next favourable thou,

Who highly thus to entitle me vouchsaf'st,

Far other name deserving.  But the field

To labour calls us, now with sweat imposed,

Though after sleepless night; for see!the morn,

All unconcerned with our unrest, begins

Her rosy progress smiling: let us forth;

I never from thy side henceforth to stray,

Where'er our day's work lies, though now enjoined

Laborious, till day droop; while here we dwell,

What can be toilsome in these pleasant walks?

Here let us live, though in fallen state, content.

So spake, so wished much humbled Eve; but Fate

Subscribed not:  Nature first gave signs, impressed

On bird, beast, air; air suddenly eclipsed,

After short blush of morn; nigh in her sight

The bird of Jove, stooped from his aery tour,

Two birds of gayest plume before him drove;

Down from a hill the beast that reigns in woods,

First hunter then, pursued a gentle brace,

Goodliest of all the forest, hart and hind;

Direct to the eastern gate was bent their flight.

Adam observed, and with his eye the chase

Pursuing, not unmoved, to Eve thus spake.

O Eve, some further change awaits us nigh,

Which Heaven, by these mute signs in Nature, shows

Forerunners of his purpose; or to warn

Us, haply too secure, of our discharge

From penalty, because from death released

Some days: how long, and what till then our life,

Who knows? or more than this, that we are dust,

And thither must return, and be no more?

Why else this double object in our sight

Of flight pursued in the air, and o'er the ground,

One way the self-same hour? why in the east

Darkness ere day's mid-course, and morning-light

More orient in yon western cloud, that draws

O'er the blue firmament a radiant white,

And slow descends with something heavenly fraught?

He erred not; for by this the heavenly bands

Down from a sky of jasper lighted now

In Paradise, and on a hill made halt;

A glorious apparition, had not doubt

And carnal fear that day dimmed Adam's eye.

Not that more glorious, when the Angels met

Jacob in Mahanaim, where he saw

The field pavilioned with his guardians bright;

Nor that, which on the flaming mount appeared

In Dothan, covered with a camp of fire,

Against the Syrian king, who to surprise

One man, assassin-like, had levied war,

War unproclaimed.  The princely Hierarch

In their bright stand there left his Powers, to seise

Possession of the garden; he alone,

To find where Adam sheltered, took his way,

Not unperceived of Adam; who to Eve,

While the great visitant approached, thus spake.

Eve$ now expect great tidings, which perhaps

Of us will soon determine, or impose

New laws to be observed; for I descry,

From yonder blazing cloud that veils the hill,

One of the heavenly host; and, by his gait,

None of the meanest; some great Potentate

Or of the Thrones above; such majesty

Invests him coming! yet not terrible,

That I should fear; nor sociably mild,

As Raphael, that I should much confide;

But solemn and sublime; whom not to offend,

With reverence I must meet, and thou retire.

He ended: and the Arch-Angel soon drew nigh,

Not in his shape celestial, but as man

Clad to meet man; over his lucid arms

A military vest of purple flowed,

Livelier than Meliboean, or the grain

Of Sarra, worn by kings and heroes old

In time of truce; Iris had dipt the woof;

His starry helm unbuckled showed him prime

In manhood where youth ended; by his side,

As in a glistering zodiack, hung the sword,

Satan's dire dread; and in his hand the spear.

Adam bowed low; he, kingly, from his state

Inclined not, but his coming thus declared.

Adam, Heaven's high behest no preface needs:

Sufficient that thy prayers are heard; and Death,

Then due by sentence when thou didst transgress,

Defeated of his seisure many days

Given thee of grace; wherein thou mayest repent,

And one bad act with many deeds well done

Mayest cover:  Well may then thy Lord, appeased,

Redeem thee quite from Death's rapacious claim;

But longer in this Paradise to dwell

Permits not: to remove thee I am come,

And send thee from the garden forth to till

The ground whence thou wast taken, fitter soil.

He added not; for Adam at the news

Heart-struck with chilling gripe of sorrow stood,

That all his senses bound; Eve, who unseen

Yet all had heard, with audible lament

Discovered soon the place of her retire.

O unexpected stroke, worse than of Death!

Must I thus leave thee$ Paradise? thus leave

Thee, native soil! these happy walks and shades,

Fit haunt of Gods? where I had hope to spend,

Quiet though sad, the respite of that day

That must be mortal to us both.  O flowers,

That never will in other climate grow,

My early visitation, and my last

;t even, which I bred up with tender hand

From the first opening bud, and gave ye names!

Who now shall rear ye to the sun, or rank

Your tribes, and water from the ambrosial fount?

Thee lastly, nuptial bower! by me adorned

With what to sight or smell was sweet! from thee

How shall I part, and whither wander down

Into a lower world; to this obscure

And wild? how shall we breathe in other air

Less pure, accustomed to immortal fruits?

Whom thus the Angel interrupted mild.

Lament not, Eve, but patiently resign

What justly thou hast lost, nor set thy heart,

Thus over-fond, on that which is not thine:

Thy going is not lonely; with thee goes

Thy husband; whom to follow thou art bound;

Where he abides, think there thy native soil.

Adam, by this from the cold sudden damp

Recovering, and his scattered spirits returned,

To Michael thus his humble words addressed.

Celestial, whether among the Thrones, or named

Of them the highest; for such of shape may seem

Prince above princes! gently hast thou told

Thy message, which might else in telling wound,

And in performing end us; what besides

Of sorrow, and dejection, and despair,

Our frailty can sustain, thy tidings bring,

Departure from this happy place, our sweet

Recess, and only consolation left

Familiar to our eyes! all places else

Inhospitable appear, and desolate;

Nor knowing us, nor known:  And, if by prayer

Incessant I could hope to change the will

Of Him who all things can, I would not cease

To weary him with my assiduous cries:

But prayer against his absolute decree

No more avails than breath against the wind,

Blown stifling back on him that breathes it forth:

Therefore to his great bidding I submit.

This most afflicts me, that, departing hence,

As from his face I shall be hid, deprived

His blessed countenance:  Here I could frequent

With worship place by place where he vouchsafed

Presence Divine; and to my sons relate,

'On this mount he appeared; under this tree

'Stood visible; among these pines his voice

'I heard; here with him at this fountain talked:

So many grateful altars I would rear

Of grassy turf, and pile up every stone

Of lustre from the brook, in memory,

Or monument to ages; and theron

Offer sweet-smelling gums, and fruits, and flowers:

In yonder nether world where shall I seek

His bright appearances, or foot-step trace?

For though I fled him angry, yet recalled

To life prolonged and promised race, I now

Gladly behold though but his utmost skirts

Of glory; and far off his steps adore.

To whom thus Michael with regard benign.

Adam, thou knowest Heaven his, and all the Earth;

Not this rock only; his Omnipresence fills

Land, sea, and air, and every kind that lives,

Fomented by his virtual power and warmed:

All the earth he gave thee to possess and rule,

No despicable gift; surmise not then

His presence to these narrow bounds confined

Of Paradise, or Eden: this had been

Perhaps thy capital seat, from whence had spread

All generations; and had hither come

From all the ends of the earth, to celebrate

And reverence thee, their great progenitor.

But this pre-eminence thou hast lost, brought down

To dwell on even ground now with thy sons:

Yet doubt not but in valley, and in plain,

God is, as here; and will be found alike

Present; and of his presence many a sign

Still following thee, still compassing thee round

With goodness and paternal love, his face

Express, and of his steps the track divine.

Which that thou mayest believe, and be confirmed

Ere thou from hence depart; know, I am sent

To show thee what shall come in future days

To thee, and to thy offspring: good with bad

Expect to hear; supernal grace contending

With sinfulness of men; thereby to learn

True patience, and to temper joy with fear

And pious sorrow; equally inured

By moderation either state to bear,

Prosperous or adverse: so shalt thou lead

Safest thy life, and best prepared endure

Thy mortal passage when it comes.—Ascend

This hill; let Eve (for I have drenched her eyes)

Here sleep below; while thou to foresight wakest;

As once thou sleptst, while she to life was formed.

To whom thus Adam gratefully replied.

Ascend, I follow thee, safe Guide, the path

Thou leadest me; and to the hand of Heaven submit,

However chastening; to the evil turn

My obvious breast; arming to overcome

By suffering, and earn rest from labour won,

If so I may attain. — So both ascend

In the visions of God.  It was a hill,

Of Paradise the highest; from whose top

The hemisphere of earth, in clearest ken,

Stretched out to the amplest reach of prospect lay.

Not higher that hill, nor wider looking round,

Whereon, for different cause, the Tempter set

Our second Adam, in the wilderness;

To show him all Earth's kingdoms, and their glory.

His eye might there command wherever stood

City of old or modern fame, the seat

Of mightiest empire, from the destined walls

Of Cambalu, seat of Cathaian Can,

And Samarchand by Oxus, Temir's throne,

To Paquin of Sinaean kings; and thence

To Agra and Lahor of great Mogul,

Down to the golden Chersonese; or where

The Persian in Ecbatan sat, or since

In Hispahan; or where the Russian Ksar

In Mosco; or the Sultan in Bizance,

Turchestan-born; nor could his eye not ken

The empire of Negus to his utmost port

Ercoco, and the less maritim kings

Mombaza, and Quiloa, and Melind,

And Sofala, thought Ophir, to the realm

Of Congo, and Angola farthest south;

Or thence from Niger flood to Atlas mount

The kingdoms of Almansor, Fez and Sus,

Morocco, and Algiers, and Tremisen;

On Europe thence, and where Rome was to sway

The world: in spirit perhaps he also saw

Rich Mexico, the seat of Montezume,

And Cusco in Peru, the richer seat

Of Atabalipa; and yet unspoiled

Guiana, whose great city Geryon's sons

Call El Dorado.  But to nobler sights

Michael from Adam's eyes the film removed,

Which that false fruit that promised clearer sight

Had bred; then purged with euphrasy and rue

The visual nerve, for he had much to see;

And from the well of life three drops instilled.

So deep the power of these ingredients pierced,

Even to the inmost seat of mental sight,

That Adam, now enforced to close his eyes,

Sunk down, and all his spirits became entranced;

But him the gentle Angel by the hand

Soon raised, and his attention thus recalled.

Adam, now ope thine eyes; and first behold

The effects, which thy original crime hath wrought

In some to spring from thee; who never touched

The excepted tree; nor with the snake conspired;

Nor sinned thy sin; yet from that sin derive

Corruption, to bring forth more violent deeds.

His eyes he opened, and beheld a field,

Part arable and tilth, whereon were sheaves

New reaped; the other part sheep-walks and folds;

I' the midst an altar as the land-mark stood,

Rustick, of grassy sord; thither anon

A sweaty reaper from his tillage brought

First fruits, the green ear, and the yellow sheaf,

Unculled, as came to hand; a shepherd next,

More meek, came with the firstlings of his flock,

Choicest and best; then, sacrificing, laid

The inwards and their fat, with incense strowed,

On the cleft wood, and all due rights performed:

His offering soon propitious fire from Heaven

Consumed with nimble glance, and grateful steam;

The other's not, for his was not sincere;

Whereat he inly raged, and, as they talked,

Smote him into the midriff with a stone

That beat out life; he fell;and, deadly pale,

Groaned out his soul with gushing blood effused.

Much at that sight was Adam in his heart

Dismayed, and thus in haste to the Angel cried.

O Teacher, some great mischief hath befallen

To that meek man, who well had sacrificed;

Is piety thus and pure devotion paid?

To whom Michael thus, he also moved, replied.

These two are brethren, Adam, and to come

Out of thy loins; the unjust the just hath slain,

For envy that his brother's offering found

From Heaven acceptance; but the bloody fact

Will be avenged; and the other's faith, approved,

Lose no reward; though here thou see him die,

Rolling in dust and gore.  To which our sire.

Alas! both for the deed, and for the cause!

But have I now seen Death?  Is this the way

I must return to native dust?  O sight

Of terrour, foul and ugly to behold,

Horrid to think, how horrible to feel!

To whom thus Michael.  Death thou hast seen

In his first shape on Man; but many shapes

Of Death, and many are the ways that lead

To his grim cave, all dismal; yet to sense

More terrible at the entrance, than within.

Some, as thou sawest, by violent stroke shall die;

By fire, flood, famine, by intemperance more

In meats and drinks, which on the earth shall bring

Diseases dire, of which a monstrous crew

Before thee shall appear; that thou mayest know

What misery the inabstinence of Eve

Shall bring on Men.  Immediately a place

Before his eyes appeared, sad, noisome, dark;

A lazar-house it seemed; wherein were laid

Numbers of all diseased; all maladies

Of ghastly spasm, or racking torture, qualms

Of heart-sick agony, all feverous kinds,

Convulsions, epilepsies, fierce catarrhs,

Intestine stone and ulcer, colick-pangs,

Demoniack phrenzy, moaping melancholy,

And moon-struck madness, pining atrophy,

Marasmus, and wide-wasting pestilence,

Dropsies, and asthmas, and joint-racking rheums.

Dire was the tossing, deep the groans; Despair

Tended the sick busiest from couch to couch;

And over them triumphant Death his dart

Shook, but delayed to strike, though oft invoked

With vows, as their chief good, and final hope.

Sight so deform what heart of rock could long

Dry-eyed behold?  Adam could not, but wept,

Though not of woman born; compassion quelled

His best of man, and gave him up to tears

A space, till firmer thoughts restrained excess;

And, scarce recovering words, his plaint renewed.

O miserable mankind, to what fall

Degraded, to what wretched state reserved!

Better end here unborn.  Why is life given

To be thus wrested from us? rather, why

Obtruded on us thus? who, if we knew

What we receive, would either no accept

Life offered, or soon beg to lay it down;

Glad to be so dismissed in peace.  Can thus

The image of God in Man, created once

So goodly and erect, though faulty since,

To such unsightly sufferings be debased

Under inhuman pains?  Why should not Man,

Retaining still divine similitude

In part, from such deformities be free,

And, for his Maker's image sake, exempt?

Their Maker's image, answered Michael, then

Forsook them, when themselves they vilified

To serve ungoverned Appetite; and took

His image whom they served, a brutish vice,

Inductive mainly to the sin of Eve.

Therefore so abject is their punishment,

Disfiguring not God's likeness, but their own;

Or if his likeness, by themselves defaced;

While they pervert pure Nature's healthful rules

To loathsome sickness; worthily, since they

God's image did not reverence in themselves.

I yield it just, said Adam, and submit.

But is there yet no other way, besides

These painful passages, how we may come

To death, and mix with our connatural dust?

There is, said Michael, if thou well observe

The rule of Not too much; by temperance taught,

In what thou eatest and drinkest; seeking from thence

Due nourishment, not gluttonous delight,

Till many years over thy head return:

So mayest thou live; till, like ripe fruit, thou drop

Into thy mother's lap; or be with ease

Gathered, nor harshly plucked; for death mature:

This is Old Age; but then, thou must outlive

Thy youth, thy strength, thy beauty; which will change

To withered, weak, and gray; thy senses then,

Obtuse, all taste of pleasure must forego,

To what thou hast; and, for the air of youth,

Hopeful and cheerful, in thy blood will reign

A melancholy damp of cold and dry

To weigh thy spirits down, and last consume

The balm of life.  To whom our ancestor.

Henceforth I fly not death, nor would prolong

Life much; bent rather, how I may be quit,

Fairest and easiest, of this cumbrous charge;

Which I must keep till my appointed day

Of rendering up, and patiently attend

My dissolution.  Michael replied.

Nor love thy life, nor hate; but what thou livest

Live well; how long, or short, permit to Heaven:

And now prepare thee for another sight.

He looked, and saw a spacious plain, whereon

Were tents of various hue; by some, were herds

Of cattle grazing; others, whence the sound

Of instruments, that made melodious chime,

Was heard, of harp and organ; and, who moved

Their stops and chords, was seen; his volant touch,

Instinct through all proportions, low and high,

Fled and pursued transverse the resonant fugue.

In other part stood one who, at the forge

Labouring, two massy clods of iron and brass

Had melted, (whether found where casual fire

Had wasted woods on mountain or in vale,

Down to the veins of earth; thence gliding hot

To some cave's mouth; or whether washed by stream

From underground  the liquid ore he drained

Into fit moulds prepared; from which he formed

First his own tools; then, what might else be wrought

Fusil or graven in metal.  After these,

But on the hither side, a different sort

From the high neighbouring hills, which was their seat,

Down to the plain descended; by their guise

Just men they seemed, and all their study bent

To worship God aright, and know his works

Not hid; nor those things last, which might preserve

Freedom and peace to Men; they on the plain

Long had not walked, when from the tents, behold!

A bevy of fair women, richly gay

In gems and wanton dress; to the harp they sung

Soft amorous ditties, and in dance came on:

The men, though grave, eyed them; and let their eyes

Rove without rein; till, in the amorous net

Fast caught, they liked; and each his liking chose;

And now of love they treat, till the evening-star,

Love's harbinger, appeared; then, all in heat

They light the nuptial torch, and bid invoke

Hymen, then first to marriage rites invoked:

With feast and musick all the tents resound.

Such happy interview, and fair event

Of love and youth not lost, songs, garlands, flowers,

And charming symphonies, attached the heart

Of Adam, soon inclined to admit delight,

The bent of nature; which he thus expressed.

True opener of mine eyes, prime Angel blest;

Much better seems this vision, and more hope

Of peaceful days portends, than those two past;

Those were of hate and death, or pain much worse;

Here Nature seems fulfilled in all her ends.

To whom thus Michael.  Judge not what is best

By pleasure, though to nature seeming meet;

Created, as thou art, to nobler end

Holy and pure, conformity divine.

Those tents thou sawest so pleasant, were the tents

Of wickedness, wherein shall dwell his race

Who slew his brother; studious they appear

Of arts that polish life, inventers rare;

Unmindful of their Maker, though his Spirit

Taught them; but they his gifts acknowledged none.

Yet they a beauteous offspring shall beget;

For that fair female troop thou sawest, that seemed

Of Goddesses, so blithe, so smooth, so gay,

Yet empty of all good wherein consists

Woman's domestick honour and chief praise;

Bred only and completed to the taste

Of lustful appetence, to sing, to dance,

To dress, and troll the tongue, and roll the eye:

To these that sober race of men, whose lives

Religious titled them the sons of God,

Shall yield up all their virtue, all their fame

Ignobly, to the trains and to the smiles

Of these fair atheists; and now swim in joy,

Erelong to swim at large; and laugh, for which

The world erelong a world of tears must weep.

To whom thus Adam, of short joy bereft.

O pity and shame, that they, who to live well

Entered so fair, should turn aside to tread

Paths indirect, or in the mid way faint!

But still I see the tenour of Man's woe

Holds on the same, from Woman to begin.

From Man's effeminate slackness it begins,

Said the Angel, who should better hold his place

By wisdom, and superiour gifts received.

But now prepare thee for another scene.

He looked, and saw wide territory spread

Before him, towns, and rural works between;

Cities of men with lofty gates and towers,

Concourse in arms, fierce faces threatening war,

Giants of mighty bone and bold emprise;

Part wield their arms, part curb the foaming steed,

Single or in array of battle ranged

Both horse and foot, nor idly mustering stood;

One way a band select from forage drives

A herd of beeves, fair oxen and fair kine,

From a fat meadow ground; or fleecy flock,

Ewes and their bleating lambs over the plain,

Their booty; scarce with life the shepherds fly,

But call in aid, which makes a bloody fray;

With cruel tournament the squadrons join;

Where cattle pastured late, now scattered lies

With carcasses and arms the ensanguined field,

Deserted:  Others to a city strong

Lay siege, encamped; by battery, scale, and mine,

Assaulting; others from the wall defend

With dart and javelin, stones, and sulphurous fire;

On each hand slaughter, and gigantick deeds.

In other part the sceptered heralds call

To council, in the city-gates; anon

Gray-headed men and grave, with warriours mixed,

Assemble, and harangues are heard; but soon,

In factious opposition; till at last,

Of middle age one rising, eminent

In wise deport, spake much of right and wrong,

Of justice, or religion, truth, and peace,

And judgement from above: him old and young

Exploded, and had seized with violent hands,

Had not a cloud descending snatched him thence

Unseen amid the throng: so violence

Proceeded, and oppression, and sword-law,

Through all the plain, and refuge none was found.

Adam was all in tears, and to his guide

Lamenting turned full sad; O!what are these,

Death's ministers, not men? who thus deal death

Inhumanly to men, and multiply

Ten thousandfold the sin of him who slew

His brother: for of whom such massacre

Make they, but of their brethren; men of men

But who was that just man, whom had not Heaven

Rescued, had in his righteousness been lost?

To whom thus Michael.  These are the product

Of those ill-mated marriages thou sawest;

Where good with bad were matched, who of themselves

Abhor to join; and, by imprudence mixed,

Produce prodigious births of body or mind.

Such were these giants, men of high renown;

For in those days might only shall be admired,

And valour and heroick virtue called;

To overcome in battle, and subdue

Nations, and bring home spoils with infinite

Man-slaughter, shall be held the highest pitch

Of human glory; and for glory done

Of triumph, to be styled great conquerours

Patrons of mankind, Gods, and sons of Gods;

Destroyers rightlier called, and plagues of men.

Thus fame shall be achieved, renown on earth;

And what most merits fame, in silence hid.

But he, the seventh from thee, whom thou beheldst

The only righteous in a world preverse,

And therefore hated, therefore so beset

With foes, for daring single to be just,

And utter odious truth, that God would come

To judge them with his Saints; him the Most High

Rapt in a balmy cloud with winged steeds

Did, as thou sawest, receive, to walk with God

High in salvation and the climes of bliss,

Exempt from death; to show thee what reward

Awaits the good; the rest what punishment;

Which now direct thine eyes and soon behold.

He looked, and saw the face of things quite changed;

The brazen throat of war had ceased to roar;

All now was turned to jollity and game,

To luxury and riot, feast and dance;

Marrying or prostituting, as befel,

Rape or adultery, where passing fair

Allured them; thence from cups to civil broils.

At length a reverend sire among them came,

And of their doings great dislike declared,

And testified against their ways; he oft

Frequented their assemblies, whereso met,

Triumphs or festivals; and to them preached

Conversion and repentance, as to souls

In prison, under judgements imminent:

But all in vain: which when he saw, he ceased

Contending, and removed his tents far off;

Then, from the mountain hewing timber tall,

Began to build a vessel of huge bulk;

Measured by cubit, length, and breadth, and highth;

Smeared round with pitch; and in the side a door

Contrived; and of provisions laid in large,

For man and beast: when lo, a wonder strange!

Of every beast, and bird, and insect small,

Came sevens, and pairs; and entered in as taught

Their order: last the sire and his three sons,

With their four wives; and God made fast the door.

Mean while the south-wind rose, and, with black wings

Wide-hovering, all the clouds together drove

From under Heaven; the hills to their supply

Vapour, and exhalation dusk and moist,

Sent up amain; and now the thickened sky

Like a dark cieling stood; down rushed the rain

Impetuous; and continued, till the earth

No more was seen: the floating vessel swum

Uplifted, and secure with beaked prow

Rode tilting o'er the waves; all dwellings else

Flood overwhelmed, and them with all their pomp

Deep under water rolled; sea covered sea,

Sea without shore; and in their palaces,

Where luxury late reigned, sea-monsters whelped

And stabled; of mankind, so numerous late,

All left, in one small bottom swum imbarked.

How didst thou grieve then, Adam, to behold

The end of all thy offspring, end so sad,

Depopulation!  Thee another flood,

Of tears and sorrow a flood, thee also drowned,

And sunk thee as thy sons; till, gently reared

By the Angel, on thy feet thou stoodest at last,

Though comfortless; as when a father mourns

His children, all in view destroyed at once;

And scarce to the Angel utter'dst thus thy plaint.

O visions ill foreseen!  Better had I

Lived ignorant of future! so had borne

My part of evil only, each day's lot

Enough to bear; those now, that were dispensed

The burden of many ages, on me light

At once, by my foreknowledge gaining birth

Abortive, to torment me ere their being,

With thought that they must be.  Let no man seek

Henceforth to be foretold, what shall befall

Him or his children; evil he may be sure,

Which neither his foreknowing can prevent;

And he the future evil shall no less

In apprehension than in substance feel,

Grievous to bear: but that care now is past,

Man is not whom to warn: those few escaped

Famine and anguish will at last consume,

Wandering that watery desart:  I had hope,

When violence was ceased, and war on earth,

All would have then gone well; peace would have crowned

With length of happy days the race of Man;

But I was far deceived; for now I see

Peace to corrupt no less than war to waste.

How comes it thus? unfold, celestial Guide,

And whether here the race of Man will end.

To whom thus Michael.  Those, whom last thou sawest

In triumph and luxurious wealth, are they

First seen in acts of prowess eminent

And great exploits, but of true virtue void;

Who, having spilt much blood, and done much wast

Subduing nations, and achieved thereby

Fame in the world, high titles, and rich prey;

Shall change their course to pleasure, ease, and sloth,

Surfeit, and lust; till wantonness and pride

Raise out of friendship hostile deeds in peace.

The conquered also, and enslaved by war,

Shall, with their freedom lost, all virtue lose

And fear of God; from whom their piety feigned

In sharp contest of battle found no aid

Against invaders; therefore, cooled in zeal,

Thenceforth shall practice how to live secure,

Worldly or dissolute, on what their lords

Shall leave them to enjoy; for the earth shall bear

More than enough, that temperance may be tried:

So all shall turn degenerate, all depraved;

Justice and temperance, truth and faith, forgot;

One man except, the only son of light

In a dark age, against example good,

Against allurement, custom, and a world

Offended: fearless of reproach and scorn,

Or violence, he of their wicked ways

Shall them admonish, and before them set

The paths of righteousness, how much more safe

And full of peace; denouncing wrath to come

On their impenitence; and shall return

Of them derided, but of God observed

The one just man alive; by his command

Shall build a wondrous ark, as thou beheldst,

To save himself and houshold from amidst

A world devote to universal wrack.

No sooner he, with them of man and beast

Select for life, shall in the ark be lodged,

And sheltered round; but all the cataracts

Of Heaven set open on the Earth shall pour

Rain, day and night; all fountains of the deep,

Broke up, shall heave the ocean to usurp

Beyond all bounds, till inundation rise

Above the highest hills: then shall this mount

Of Paradise by might of waves be moved

Out of his place, pushed by the horned flood,

With all his verdure spoiled, and trees adrift,

Down the great river to the opening gulf,

And there take root an island salt and bare,

The haunt of seals, and orcs, and sea-mews' clang:

To teach thee that God attributes to place

No sanctity, if none be thither brought

By men who there frequent, or therein dwell.

And now, what further shall ensue, behold.

    He looked, and saw the ark hull on the flood,

Which now abated; for the clouds were fled,

Driven by a keen north-wind, that blowing dry,

Wrinkled the face of deluge, as decay'd;

And the clear sun on his wide watery glass

Gazed hot, and of the fresh wave largely drew,

As after thirst; which made their flowing shrink

From standing lake to tripping ebb, that stole

With soft foot towards the deep; who now had stopt

His sluces, as the Heaven his windows shut.

The ark no more now floats, but seems on ground,

Fast on the top of some high mountain fixed.

And now the tops of hills, as rocks, appear;

With clamour thence the rapid currents drive,

Towards the retreating sea, their furious tide.

Forthwith from out the ark a raven flies,

And after him, the surer messenger,

A dove sent forth once and again to spy

Green tree or ground, whereon his foot may light:

The second time returning, in his bill

An olive leaf he brings, pacifick sign:

Anon dry ground appears, and from his ark

The ancient sire descends, with all his train;

Then with uplifted hands, and eyes devout,

Grateful to Heaven, over his head beholds

A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow

Conspicuous with three lifted colours gay,

Betokening peace from God, and covenant new.

Whereat the heart of Adam, erst so sad,

Greatly rejoiced, and thus his joy broke forth.

    O thou, who future things canst represent

As present, heavenly Instructer!  I revive

At this last sight; assured that Man shall live,

With all the creatures, and their seed preserve.

Far less I now lament for one whole world

Of wicked sons destroyed, than I rejoice

For one man found so perfect, and so just,

That God vouchsafes to raise another world

From him, and all his anger to forget.

But say, what mean those coloured streaks in Heaven

Distended, as the brow of God appeased?

Or serve they, as a flowery verge, to bind

The fluid skirts of that same watery cloud,

Lest it again dissolve, and shower the earth?

    To whom the Arch-Angel.  Dextrously thou aimest;

So willingly doth God remit his ire,

Though late repenting him of Man depraved;

Grieved at his heart, when looking down he saw

The whole earth filled with violence, and all flesh

Corrupting each their way; yet, those removed,

Such grace shall one just man find in his sight,

That he relents, not to blot out mankind;

And makes a covenant never to destroy

The earth again by flood; nor let the sea

Surpass his bounds; nor rain to drown the world,

With man therein or beast; but, when he brings

Over the earth a cloud, will therein set

His triple-coloured bow, whereon to look,

And call to mind his covenant: Day and night,

Seed-time and harvest, heat and hoary frost,

Shall hold their course; till fire purge all things new,

Both Heaven and Earth, wherein the just shall dwell.

'(line 8: --- yet their port...&c.): This 'yet' refers so far back as to line the first, "Thus they in lowliest plight repentent stood praying, yet their port not of mean suiters," all the intermediate lines being to be understood as in a parenthesis. "Nor did their petition seem of less importance, than when the ancient pair" so renowned "in old fables, yet not so ancient a pair as Adam and Eve, Deucalion and chaste Pyrrha," in order "to restore the race of mankind after the deluge, stood devoutly praying before the shrine of Themis," Themis, the goddess of Justice, who had the most famous oracle of those days. The poet could not have thought of a more apt similitude to illustrate his subject, and he has plainly fetch'd it from Ovid, Met. I. 318.(line 16: Blown vagabond or frustrate:....): It is a familiar expression with the ancient poets, to say of such requests as are not granted, that they are dispersed and driven away by the winds. (line 33: ----- me his advocate / And propitiation;...): In allusion to St. John, I Ep. II. 1,2. "We have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous, and he is the propitiation for our sins.(line 84: O Sons, like one of us....): This whole speech is founded upon the following passage in Genesis III. 22-24. "And the Lord God said, Behold the Man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: And now lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat and live for ever; Therefore the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken."&c. (line 86: Of that defended fruit.....): Forbidden fruit, from "defendre" (French) to forbid; so used by Chaucer, "Where can you say in any manner ageThat ever God 'defended' marriage?" --Hume and Richardson.(line 128: --------- four faces each / Had, like a double Janus,....): Ezekiel says that "every one had four faces," X. 14. The poet adds, "four faces each had, like a double Janus;" Janus was a king in Italy, and is represented with two faces, to denote his great wisdom, looking upon things past and to come; and the mention of a well-known image with two faces may help to give us the better idea of others with four. Ezekiel says X. 12. "And their whole body, and their backs, and their hands, and their wings were full of eyes round about:" The poet expresses it by a delightful metaphor, "all their shape spangled with eyes," and then adds by way of comparison "more numerous than those of Argus," Argus was a shepherd who had an hundred eyes, "and more wakeful than to drouse," as his did, "charm'd with Arcadian pipe, the past'ral reed" that is the past'ral pipe made of reeds, as was that of Hermes or Mercury, who was employ'd by Jupiter to lull Argus asleep and kill him, "or his opiate rod," the caduceus of Mercury with which he could give sleep to whomsoever he pleased. With this pipe and this rod he lull'd Argus asleep and cut off his head. It is an allusion to a celebrated story in Ovid, Met. I. 625.&c.(line 135: Leucothea wak'd,....): The "White Goddess" as the name in Greek imports, the same with "Matuta" in Latin, as Cicero says, "Leucothea nominata a Graecis, Matuta habetur a nostris." Tusc. I. 12. &c. ... And Matuta is the early morning that ushers in the Aurora rosy with the sun-beams, according to Lucretius, V. 655. .... And from Matuta is deriv'd "matutinus," early in the morning. (line 159: Eve rightly call'd, mother of all mankind,...): Genesis III. 20. "And Adam called his wife's name Eve, because she was the mother of all living." He call'd her before 'Ishah,' "Woman, because she was taken out of 'Ish', Man,'" Genesis II. 23.But now he denominates her Eve, or Havah from a Hebrew verb which signifies to "live," in firm belief that God would make her the mother of all mankind, and of the promis'd Seed particularly. Our poet had call'd her Eve before by way of anticipation.(line 185: The bird of Jove, stoop'd from his aery tour,...&c.): "The bird of Jove," Jovis ales, the Eagle. "Stoop'd" is a participle here, and a term of Falconry. Such omens are not unusual in the poets, Virg. AEn. I. 393.(line 220: War unproclaim'd.....): The severe censure on this makes me fancy that Milton hinted at the war with Holland, which broke out in 1664, when we surpris'd and took the Dutch Bourdeaux fleet, before war was proclam'd, which the Whigs much exclam'd against. --Warburton.(line 242: Livelier than Meliboean,...): Of a livelier color and richer dye than any made at Meliboea, a city of Thessaly, famous for a fish called "ostrum," there caught and used in dying the noblest purple.(line 243: Or the grain of Sarra,...): Or the dye of Tyre, named "Sarra" of "Sar", the Phoenician name of a fish there taken whose blood made the purple color. (line 244: ---- Iris had dipt the woof.....): He had said before, that it was livelier than the Meliboean grain, or than that of Sarra; it excell'd the most precious purple: but now he says that Iris herself had given the color, the most beautiful colors being in the rainbow; nay "Iris had dipt the very woof." He had before made use of a like expression in "The Mask." The attendent Spirit says, ---"But I must first put off / These my sky robes spun out of Iris' woof." ....., Woof : definition 2. The texture of a fabric. "Weft, texture, fabric," Olde English, 'owef,' from o- "on" + wefan "to weave." (line 367: --- let Eve (for I have drench'd her eyes) / Here sleep below,...): It may be asked why Eve was not permitted to see this vision, as she had no less occasion than Adam "thereby to learn true patience:" but Milton here only continues the same decorum which he had before observed, when he made Eve retire upon Raphael's beginning his conference with Adam, Book VIII. Besides the tenderness of the female mind could not be supposed able to bear the shocking scenes, which were going to be represented.--Thyer. [These notes are from the an edition printed 1750; times have changed; but it is a 'proper' answer for Milton's time and for the next couple of centuries after him.](lines 387 to 411...): He first takes a view of Asia, and there of the northern parts, "the destin'd walls" not yet in being but design'd to be (which is to be understood of all the rest).....,"of Cambalu, seat of Cathaian Can," the principal City of Cathay, a province of Tartary, the ancient seat of the Chams, "and Samarchand by Oxus," the chief city of Zagathaian Tartary near the river Oxus,"Temir's throne," the birth-place and royal residence of Tamerlane; and from the northern he passes to the eastern and southern parts of Asia, "to Paquin," or Pekin of "Sinaean kings," the royal city of China, the country of the ancient Sinae mention'd in Ptolomy,"and thence to Agra and Lahor" two great cities in the empire "of the great Mogul, down to the golden Chersonese," that is Malacca the most southern promontory of the East Indies, so called on account of its riches to distinguish it from the other Chersoneses or peninsula's, "or where the Persian in Ecbatan sat," Ecbatana formerly the captial city of Persia, "or since in Hispahan," the capital city at present [1750], "or where the Russian Ksar" the Czar of Muscovy "in Mosco," the metropolis of all Russia, "or the Sultan in Bizance," the Grand Signior in Constantinople formerly Byzantium, "Turchestan-born," as the Turks came from Turchestan a province of Tartary; he reckons these to Asia, as they are adjoining, and great part of their territories lie in Asia. He passes now into Africa;"nor could his eye not ken th' empire of Negus," the Upper Ethiopia or the land of the Abyssinians, subject to one sovran, stiled in their own language Negus or king, and by the Europeans Prester John, "to his utmost port Ercoco," or Erquico on the Red Sea, the north east boundary of the Abyssinian empire,"and the less maritim kings," the lesser kingdoms on the sea coast, "Mombaza, and Quiloa, and Melind," all near the line in Zanguebar, a region of the Lower Ethiopia on the eastern or Indian sea, and subject to the Portuguese,"and Sofala thought Ophir," another kingdom and city on the same sea mistaken by Purchas and others for Ophir, whence Solomon brought gold,"to the realm of Congo," a kingdom in the lower Ethiopia on the western shore, as the others were on the eastern,"and Angola farthest south," another kingdom south of Congo; "Or thence from Niger stood," the river Niger that divides that area into two parts, "to Atlas mount" in the most western parts of Africa, "the kingdoms of Almansor," the countries over which Almansor was king, namely Fez and Sus, Marocco and Algiers, and Tremisen, all kingdoms in Barbary. After Africa he comes to Europe, "On Europe thence, and where Rome was to sway the world:" the less is said of Europe as it is so well known. "In spirit perhaps he also saw," he could not see it otherwise as America was on the opposit side of the globe, "rich Mexico" in North America "the seat of Montezume," who was subdued by the Spanish general Cortes, "and Cusco in Peru" in South America, "the richer seat of Atabalipa," the last emperor subdued by the Spanish general Pizarro, "and yet unspoil'd Guiana," another country of South America not then invaded and spoil'd, "whose great city," namely Manhoa, "Geryon's sons," the Spaniards from Geryon an ancient king of Spain, "call El Dorado" or the golden city on account of its richness and extent. And thus he surveys the four different parts of the [known] world.(line 411: ---- but to nobler sights / Michael from Adam's eyes the film...): These which follow are 'nobler sights,' being not only of cities and kingdoms, but of the principal actions of men to the final consummation of things. And to prepare Adam for these sights the Angel "remov'd the film from his eyes," As Pallas remov'd the mists from Diomedes his eyes, Iliad. V. 127.(line 414: ---- purg'd with euphrasy and rue...): Cleared the organs of his sight with "rue" and "euphrasy" or 'eye-bright', so named of its clearing virtue.--Hume. "Rue" was used in exorcisms, and is therefore called "herb of grace." (line 487: Marasmus,....): The word is Greek, and it signifies a kind of consumption, accompanied with a fever wasting the body by degrees; but we should observe that these verses,-- "Demoniac phrenzy, moaping melancholy,And moon-struck madness, pining atrophy,Marasmus, and wide-wasting pestilence," -- were not in the first, but were added by the author in the second edition, to swell the horror of the description. (line 562: Instinct through all proportions ...&c.): His nimble fingers, as if inspired, flew thro' all the various distances of sound, o'er "all proportions, low or high," treble or base, and through all its parts followed the sounding symphony. A "fugue" (of 'fuga' Latin, a flight) is in music the correspondency of parts, answering one another in the same notes, either above or below; therefore exactly and graphically stiled "resonant," as sounding the same notes over again. --Hume. Milton is the more particular in this description, as he was himself a lover of music, and a performer upon the organ.(line 573: Fusil or grav'n in metal....): By melting or carving. --Hume.(line 582: A bevy of fair women,....) A "bevy" is a company, of the Italian "beva" (says Hume) a covey of partridges. It is a word used by Chaucer, and by Spenser likewise of a company of women, as Fairy Queen, B.2. Cant. 9. Stan. 34. "A lovely bevy of fair ladies sat." ... And by Shakespear, Henry VIII. Act I. (line 621: To these that sober race of men,...&c.): As we read in Genesis VI. 2. "The sons of God saw the daughters of men, that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose." It is now generally agreed that this passage is to be understood of the sons of Seth, the worshippers of the true God, making matches with the idolatrous daughters of the wicked Cain; and Milton very rightly puts this construction upon it here, though elsewhere he seems to give into the old exploded conceit of the Angels becoming enamour'd of the daughters of men. See III. 463. and the note there, and likewise V. 447. and Paradise Regain'd, II. 178, &c. (line 660: In other part the scepter'd heralds call...&c.): It may be noted here once for all, that in this visionary part Milton has frequently had his eye upon his master Homer, and several of the images which are represented to Adam are copies of the descriptions on the shield of Achilles, Iliad. XVIII.(line 665: Of middle age one rising....): Enoch said to be of "middle age," because he was translated when he was but 365 years old; a middle age then. Genesis V. 23.--Richardson. [If the readers refer to the book of Genesis, they will see that infamous Methuselah was the oldest at 969 years old, but his relatives were of like age, being in the range of 700-900+ years old each one; Adam died at the age of 930. The equivalent today would be, someone born round the time of the Norman Conquest of England in 1066 just now dying in 2006. An historian would dread to think of William II. "Rufus" living for all that time.](line 688: Such were these giants, men of high renown...): Genesis VI. 4. "There were giants in the earth in those days;" -- Some commentators understand by the word which we translate "Giants," men of large bulk and stature; others conceive them to be no more than robbers and tyrants: Our author includes both interpretations, and leaves the choice to the reader.[The reader should remember the story of David & Goliath; Goliath being both a giant (at about 9'6" tall) and a tyrant. In 1759 there was an excavation done in Sunderland, Durham, at Fulwell Hills, from which was dug up an ancient skeleton, measured at 9'6" tall as well. There were two Roman coins nearby it, but from another grave. The world's tallest man, Stadnyk, was recorded in 2004, at 8'4" tall.](line 723: -------- preach'd / Conversion and repentance, as to souls / In prison...): This account of Noah's preaching is founded chiefly upon St. Peter, 2. Peter II. 5. "Noah a preacher of righteousness," and I Peter III 19,20. "By which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison, which sometime were disobedient, when once the long-suffering of God waited in the days of Noah:" As what follows of Noah's desisting when he found his preaching ineffectual, and removing into another country, is taken from Josephus, Antiq. Lib. 1.(line 730: Measur'd by cubit, length, and breadth, and highth,...): The dimensions of the ark are given in Genesis VI. 15. A "Cubit" is the measure from the elbow to the fingers ends, and is reckon'd a foot and a half, or (according to Bishop Cumberland) 21 inches 888 decimals. (line 743: Like a dark ceiling stood;....): 'Ceiling' may be thought to be too mean a word in poetry, but Milton had a view to its derivation from Coelum (Latin) Cielo (Italian), which signifies 'Heaven.' --Richardson.[as in Tallis' Spem in Alium, "Creator coeli et terrae" / Creator of heaven and earth.](line 824: ---- all the cataracts / Of Heav'n set open...): Genesis VII. 11. "The same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of Heaven were open'd." ----- The 'windows' of Heaven are translated the "cataracts" in the Syriac and Arabic versions, and in the Septuagint and Vulgar Latin, which Milton here follows; and what they are, those will best understand who have seen the fallings of waters, called "spouts", in hot countries, when the clouds do not break into drops, but fall with terrible violence in a torrent : and "the great deep" is the vast abyss of waters contain'd within the bowels of the earth, and in the sea.(line 829: ----- then shall this mount / Of Paradise ...&c.): It is the opinion of many learned men, that Paradise was destroy'd by the deluge, and our author describes it in a very poetical manner. "Push'd by the horned flood," so that it was before the flood became universal, and while it pour'd along like a vast river; for rivers when they meet with any thing to obstruct their passage, divide themselves and become "horned" as it were, and hence the ancients have compared them to bulls.(line 833: Down the great river to the opening gulf...): Down the river Tigris or Euphrates to the Persian gulf : they were both rivers of Eden, and Euphrates particularly is called in Scripture "the great river, the river Euphrates," Genesis XV. 18. It is very probable that our author took the first thought of pushing Paradise by the force of floods into the sea from Homer, who describes the destruction of the Grecian wall by an inundation very much in the same poetical manner, Iliad. XII. 24.(line 835. ---------, and orcs, ...): Orc, orca "cetacean, a kind of whale." Earlier in English, orc, ork "large whale" (c.1590), from French "orque", had been used vaguely of sea monsters. [And more recently, "orca", a killer whale.] 2. "Orc" 'ogre, devouring monster,' Olde English, orcþyrs, orcneas (pl.), perhaps from a Romanic source akin to 'ogre', and ultimately from Latin, Orcus "Hell," a word of unknown origin. Revived by J.R.R. Tolkien as the name of a brutal race in Middle Earth. (line 840: --- the ark hull on the flood,....): A ship is said to "hull" when all her sails are taken down, and she flotes to and fro. --Richardson.(line 847: From standing lake to tripping ebb,....): "Tripping" from "tripudiare," to dance, to step lightly upon the toes, a natural description of "soft-ebbing", as VII. 300. and so it follows, "that stole with soft foot," this bold personizing is perpetually us'd by the Greeks, and consequently the Latin poets, who always imitate them, Horace, Epod. XVI. 47. --Richardson.(line 848: ---- the deep, who now had stopt / His sluces, as the Heav'n his windows shut.): Genesis VIII. 2. "The fountains also of the deep, and the windows of Heaven were stopped." For this and other particulars of the ark resting upon the mountains of Ararat, and of the raven, and of the dove &c, see the same chapter of Genesis. (line 860: An olive leaf he brings, pacific sign...): Sign of peace, of God's mercy to mankind; the olive was sacred to Pallas, and borne by those that sued for peace, as being the emblem of it and plenty.(line 866: Conspicuous with three listed colors gay,...): He afterwards calls it the "triple-color'd bow," ver. 897. and he means probably the three principal colors, red, yellow, and blue, of which the others are compounded. (line 884: To whom th' Arch-Angel...&c.): The reader will easily observe how much of this speech is built upon Scripture. "And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart," Genesis VI. 6.'~ Th. Newton, Paradise Lost, 2nd edition, 1750.